30.09.2015

Subject: The Fabric of India opens




Victoria and Albert MuseumOpen daily  10.00 to 17.45  Admission free
V&A  VISIT  COLLECTIONS  JOIN AND SUPPORT  LEARN  WHAT'S ON  SHOP
Victoria and Albert Museum
THE FABRIC OF INDIA
3 October 2015 – 10 January 2016
The highlight of the V&A India Festival, this is the first major exhibition to explore the dynamic and multifaceted world of handmade textiles from India. The exhibition showcases over 200 objects from the 3rd to the 21st-century, including Tipu Sultan’s spectacular 18th-century tent, a stunning range of historic costume, highly prized textiles for international trade and cutting-edge fashion by celebrated Indian designers. The Fabric of Indiabrings together the best of the V&A’s world-renowned collection alongside international masterpieces displayed for the first time.
Read more and bookMembers go free
#FabricofIndia
Supported by Good Earth India; with thanks to Experion and NIRAV MODI
  
THE FABRIC OF INDIA EVENTS

From Diwali celebrations and the exhibition conference to fabric design and block printing, here are the full details of all talks, workshops, courses and lectures taking place around The Fabric of IndiaRead more
 EXHIBITION BLOG
The journey from idea to exhibition is long, and often challenging, but also incredibly exciting. It requires the commitment and enthusiasm of many people: from curators, coordinators and conservators to designers and digital editors. This blog brings together stories from across the exhibition team to track the highs (and lows) of the exhibition research and making process. Read more
 SHARE YOUR FAVOURITE #FABRICOFINDIA
Have you been to India? Are you inspired by the skills, variety and techniques of Indian textiles? 

Get up close to your favourite fabrics and share photo details on Twitter and Instagram using #FabricofIndia.
 
V&A INDIA FESTIVAL
Presenting a series of exhibitions, displays, events and digital initiatives that will explore the rich and varied culture of South Asia, both past and present.

The V&A India Festival marks the 25th anniversary of the opening of the Museum’s Nehru Gallery, which displays some of the most important objects from the V&A’s South Asian art collection produced between the 16th and 19th-centuries. Read more

#vamIndiaFestival
 WIN A ONCE-IN-A-LIFETIME
TRIP TO INDIA

To celebrate the V&A India Festival we are offering you the chance to win an exotic holiday to India! Thanks to Indus Experiences one lucky winner and guest will explore the vibrant culture of India with a two-week tailor made experience. Explore the very heartbeat of Rajasthan and Gujarat, mingle with local artisans, gaze at the iconic Taj Mahal and visit the world famous Calico textile museum. The trip also includes a visit to Good Earth’s flagship Mumbai store for a personal shopping experience, a Wartski book and a stunning Indian scarf.
Coming soon on the V&A website!

THE FABRIC OF INDIA MEMBERS' PREVIEW DAY
Friday 2 October, 10.00 – 22.00 Last entry 21.00
Become a Member and see the exhibition first.
Membership starts at just £57, with concessions for under-26 year olds and the over 60s. Plus, you can add a guest or an extra card to your Membership.Read more

To join call 020 7942 2271, go online or visit the Membership Desk in the V&A
  
GOOD EARTH

Good Earth, a design house from India known for creating sustainable luxury products across homeware and apparel is proud to support The Fabric of Indiaexhibition. With its focus on design, handloom textiles and the artisanal crafts of India the association with the V&A is a natural oneRead more
 EXPERION

As India's leading real estate developer, Experion work to bring innovative property developments to the regions that they work in, and wanted to support an exhibition promoting the wealth of India's cultural heritage.
Read more
 NIRAV MODI

The Indian fabrics displayed at the V&A, with their intricate designs and ornaments, are timeless wonders which NIRAV MODI draws inspiration from to craft delight with its jewels, and make women feel spectacular every day. Read more
  
ALSO IN LONDON...
THE KNITTING AND STITCHING SHOW
ALEXANDRA PALACE

7-11 October 2015 

Enjoy unrivalled displays of textile art, 400 exhibitors plus hundreds of workshops. Stitched glass from Helen Pailing, fibre art by Michala Gyetvai plus knitted and crocheted fish from Kate Jenkins. Shop for fabrics, luxury yarns, dress patterns, sewing machines and more. Inspiration is everywhere – don’t miss the sewing event of the year!
Read more


 

INDIA FASHION WEEK
EXCEL, LONDON
9-11 October 2015

A celebration of Indian fashion, this will consist of a shopping experience for 
any fashionista alongside catwalk displays running daily. Look out for some of the contemporary designers featured in the exhibition!

50% discount on entry tickets for V&A subscribers. Please use discount code 50VAM.
Book now
 
 

INDIA FILM SEASON
REGENT STREET CINEMANovember 2015
To celebrate the V&A’s India Festival, the newly re-opened Regent Street Cinema will be hosting three weekly evening events, in association with Tongues on Fire, screening exclusive doublebills and curator sessions. Look out for more information on the Regent Street Cinema website and on social media!
Victoria and Albert Museum
Victoria and Albert Museum,
The world's greatest museum of art and design,
Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2RL
Tel. +44 (0)20 7942 2000 
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Proclamatien, Publicatien, Notificatien (Weglooper-Slaaf)

29.09.2015

03.3014 – Interpellation Schweizer Beteiligung an Sklaverei und transatlantischem Handel mit Sklavinnen und Sklaven


Curia Vista - Geschäftsdatenbank
03.3014 – Interpellation
Schweizer Beteiligung an Sklaverei und transatlantischem Handel mit Sklavinnen und Sklaven
Eingereicht von
Hollenstein Pia
Einreichungsdatum03.03.2003Eingereicht imNationalratStand der BeratungenErledigt



Eingereichter Text

Noch im September 2001 konnte Jean-Daniel Vigny, der Schweizer Menschenrechtsvertreter bei der Uno, im Zusammenhang mit der Diskussion, welche an der Uno-Konferenz von Durban über afrikanische Entschädigungsforderungen an die Adresse Europas geführt wurde, festhalten, die Schweiz habe "mit Sklaverei, Sklavenhandel und Kolonialismus nichts zu tun gehabt".

Dabei geht aus den Arbeiten sowohl europäisch/amerikanischer (Wallerstein 1980, Wirz 1984) als auch afrikanischer (Ki-zerbo 1978, Unesco 1979, Thornton 1998) und westindischer Historiker (Williams 1944, Fanon 1961, Rodney 1975) seit längerem und immer deutlicher hervor, dass über die grossen seefahrenden Nationen Spanien, Portugal, England, Frankreich und Holland hinaus der ganze europäische Kontinent durch ein weitreichendes Netz von Handels- und Finanzbeziehungen in den Dreieckshandel Europa-Afrika-Amerika mit einbezogen war, ja dass der wirtschaftliche Aufschwung Europas zwischen dem 16. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert bis hin zur Industrialisierung zu einem beträchtlichen Teil auf diesen spezifischen ökonomischen Beziehungen und damit auch auf Sklaverei und transatlantischem Handel mit Sklavinnen und Sklaven beruhte.

Darüber hinaus führt nun aber schon ein lediglich kursorisches Studium verschiedener Werke und Aufsätze zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Schweiz im 18. Jahrhundert sowie eine Neulektüre älterer Standardwerke (Lüthy 1959, Peyer 1968, Meyer 1969) zur überraschenden Erkenntnis, dass die schweizerische Verflechtung mit Sklaverei und Dreieckshandel weit enger war als bisher bekannt.

Das Basler Handelshaus Burckhardt finanzierte Handelsfirmen für Sklavinnen und Sklaven in Nantes und beteiligte sich 1790 über die Tochterfirma "Bourcard et fils" an der Ausrüstung eines Sklavenschiffs, an welcher auch Christoph Merian beteiligt war.

Das Waadtländer Unternehmen "Illens et Van Berchem" rüstete in Marseille zwei Schiffe aus, die "Pays de Vaud" und die "Ville de Lausanne", um Sklavinnen und Sklaven aus Moçambique zu transportieren. Ein drittes Schiff, die "Helvétie", beteiligte sich später ebenfalls an einem solchen Transport.

Genfer Bankhäuser wie "Thellusson et Necker", "Cottin" oder "Banquet et Mallet" sowie das Handelshaus Picot-Fazy finanzierten und unterstützten vor allem via Nantes den Handel mit afrikanischen Sklavinnen und Sklaven. Mitglieder der Genfer Handels- und Banquiersfamilien Bertrand, Peschier, Flurnois, Butini, Gallatin, Dunant und Fatio besassen verschiedene Plantagen mit Sklavinnen und Sklaven in der Karibik (Dominica, Grenada, Surinam).

Mitglieder der Basler Patrizierfamilie Faesch besassen in Surinam während fast einem Jahrhundert Plantagen mit "Negersklaven", der Basler Johann Jakob Hoffmann beteiligte sich in Curaçao am Handel mit Sklavinnen und Sklaven.

Koloniale Erfahrungen

Koloniale Eroberung und Sklavenschinderei

Kaart-Berbice-plantages-langs-rivieren-Berbice-Canje

Berbice Colonists 1794

Die Schweiz hatte keine Kolonien, aber Welthandelshäuser


 Neue Recherchen zeigen, dass vor allem Basler Unternehmen am internationalen Sklavenhandel beteiligt waren. Die Geschichte eines Dreiecksgeschäfts. Von Ewald Billerbeck
Weisse Herren, schwarze Fracht
Wenn vom Kolonialwarenlädeli die Rede ist, kommt Gemütlichkeit auf. Die gute alte Zeit. Doch der Begriff Kolonialwaren ist historisch in einem reichlich ungemütlichen Umfeld angesiedelt: dem Sklavenhandel.
9.5.2004

Wenn vom Kolonialwarenlädeli die Rede ist, kommt Gemütlichkeit auf. Die gute alte Zeit. Doch der Begriff Kolonialwaren ist historisch in einem reichlich ungemütlichen Umfeld angesiedelt: dem Sklavenhandel.

Schauplatz Nantes, im 18. Jahrhundert. Die bretonische Atlantikstadt ist für die Grossmacht Frankreich wichtigster Hafenplatz im Überseehandel. Im vorgelagerten Paimbœuf wird ein Schiff mit teurer Ware beladen. Die Hafenarbeiter schleppen Ballen feinster Seide, verschiedene Baumwollstoffe und Indienne-Tücher unter Deck. Die leichten, mit farbiger Orientalornamentik bedruckten Indiennes aus Baumwolle sind gross in Mode. In Stückzahlen von mehreren Tausend kommen weitere europäische Güter hinzu, Scheren, Essbesteck, Krüge, Porzellanwaren; in Fässern oder Flaschen Branntwein, Likör und Weine. Auch Waffen in grosser Zahl werden an Bord gebracht, Dolche, Gewehre, Schiesspulver, Blei.

Für dieses Unternehmen mit kostbarer Ladung braucht der Reeder potente Teilhaber; solche, die bereit sind, die Risiken auf hoher See und fernen Märkten einzugehen. Mehrere Firmen partizipieren als Ausrüster und Financiers, zeichnen Anteilscheine und hoffen auf Gewinn. Mit Aufwand heuert der Kapitän eine zuverlässige Mannschaft an; sie ist grösser als üblich. Auch ein Chirurg befindet sich an Bord, als das Schiff in Nantes ablegt und mit Ziel Afrika ausläuft, wo sich in Cape Coast (im heutigen Ghana), in Vieux Calabar (Nigeria) und anderen westafrikanischen Küstengebieten grosse Sklavenmärkte befinden.
Kräftige, schöne Sklaven

In Afrika werden die Waren gegen Menschen eingetauscht. Die Händler betrachten es als ein Geschäft von Ware gegen Ware; die begehrten Tücher, die Waffen und anderen Schiffsgüter gegen die aus dem Hinterland angeschleppten, in Küstenforts gefangen gehaltenen und zwischengelagerten Schwarzen. Man begutachtet die Qualität der Männer, Frauen und Kinder für ihre künftige Verwendung. Gesundheit, kräftige Konstitution und Schönheit sind Kriterien bei der Preisgestaltung, sie bestimmen den Profit beim späteren Verkauf als Sklaven. Zur Geschäftsförderung beim Warentausch werden die Menschenhändler auf dem westafrikanischen Markt zusätzlich mit Geschenken aus Frankreich geködert; Gefälligkeiten helfen zudem gegen die Konkurrenz anderer Handelsschiffe vor Ort, namentlich jener unter englischer Flagge. Und jetzt nimmt auch der Chirurg seine Aufgabe wahr. Er untersucht die vorgeführten nackten Schwarzen, beriecht Schweiss und Urin, tastet mit den Fingern Geschlechtsteile, Brüste und After ab. Dann wird der Menschenware mit einem glühenden Eisen das Schiffszeichen am rechten Arm eingebrannt - unauslöschliches Zeichen für das Los der Sklaverei.

24.09.2015

inside suriname (Dokumentarfilm u.a. zu Gold- und Aluminiumabbau)



In this community directed documentary, land concessions in Suriname's interior threaten Indigenous and Maroon people as their land and water are taken and destroyed for economic development--including toxic cyanide and mercury from gold mining. This development benefits outsiders and threatens the people who have lived there for centuries. Note, while our previous films are similar in content, this documentary also includes Maroon stories as well as additional information on the gold mining process.

18.09.2015

The Influence of ‘Foreignness’: How Immigration and Imported Commodities affected England’s Cloth Industries and Consumer Habits, 1685-1755

http://www.vam.ac.uk/users/node/5590


Glossary 
Terms that appear in the text without explanation 
Alamode a thin, lightweight, glossy silk used for scarves and hoods 
Batiste a fine, even weaved linen. Also known as Cambric (the synonym of the French word) 
Bizarre a figured silk fabric, characterized by large-scale, asymmetrical patterns 
Bombazine dress material entirely of silk, later of silk and cotton 
Calendering the glazed finish given to calicoes 
Callicoe (Calico) a plain cotton which could be and often was printed 
Chintz From the Hindi word chint, meaning variegated. A printed or painted calico. A glazed printed cotton (the glaze perhaps not visible today) distinguished in the mid eighteenth century as a cotton printed with five or more colours, the pattern a little larger than usual and very colourful 
Damask a reversible figured fabric of silk, with a pattern formed by weaving 
Dimity a fine cotton, usually white, with a raised woven design, also white 
Flower’d (Flowered) was the generic term for a free pattern, since at this period such patterns were always composed from flowers. The weavers of ‘flowered’ silks formed a distinct branch of the industry. The same terminology was carried across to the newer calico-printing industry 
Holland became the generic term for a fine linen cloth 
Lawn/Long lawn a very fine linen. The term has not changed its meaning. ‘Long’ lawn may refer to the length of the piece in which it was woven 
Lorettos a silk material used for waistcoats 
Lustring a soft silk which might be either plain or flowered 
Muslin a general name for the most delicately woven cotton fabrics 
Paduasway (Paduasoy) an expensive, heavy, strong silk, often patterned or figured, made from the best quality silk. 
Persian a thin soft silk used most often for linings 
Sarsenet a very fine and soft silk material made both plain and twilled in various colors and used especially for linings and ribbons. 
Sateen: a cotton imitation of satin 5 
Satin a silk fabric with a glossy surface 
Taffeties a light thin silk of high luster used especially as a dress fabric 
Tambour embroidery using a basic chain stitch on the top of the fabric, using a specially made tambour needle 
Throwster a person involved in the process where silk that has been reeled into skeins, is cleaned, receives a twist and is wound onto bobbins. 


A Fashion for Abolition

www.common-place.org · vol. 14 · no. 1 · Fall 2013

Cybèle T. Gontar is a PhD candidate in American art at the Graduate Center, City University of New York. She has written for the Metropolitan Museum Journal, The Magazine Antiques, andCommon-place.
Cybèle T. Gontar
A Fashion for Abolition
Frédéric Etienne Joseph Feldtrappe's Traite des Nègres (ca. 1825)
Introduction

Today a gallery of the Nantes History Museum's Château des Ducs de Bretagne relates information about the transatlantic slave trade. Within stands a lit à la Duchesse, whose faded but once stylish toile ensemble reveals striking antislavery graphics (figs. 1, 2). One scene bears the title "Traite des Nègres"—Slave Trade—on a wooden sign printed in repeat across the fabric.

Toile, short for toile de Jouy (after the Oberkampf factory in Jouy-en-Josas, France), is cotton, linen, or silk printed with monochromatic scenes, often dyed in red, blue, or black. The word "toile," meaning cloth, derives from the Latin root tela, or web—an apt metaphor for the network of painters, engravers, and printmakers linked through Traite des Nègres. For example, while signed "E. Feldtrappe," Traite's scenery reflects contributions by six French and British artists inspired by the cause of abolition. Feldtrappe's cloth (circa 1825) re-disseminated imagery from late eighteenth-century abolitionist prints, underscoring their currency well into the nineteenth century as slavery persisted.

Seemingly deemphasized by their use for decorative upholstery patterns, Traite's vignettes, in fact, would have been difficult to miss, especially when draping windows or objects of repose, and hence viewed at close range. While private today, bedrooms were semi-public spaces for centuries, and bed draperies were among the most expensive and prestigious household possessions. Politically commemorative toiles were au courant material for entertainment and stimulating discussion within the personal yet open setting of the nineteenth-century bedchamber or parlor. Traite was printed to promote abolition, despite its inevitable use in households made wealthy by the trafficking it denounced.Made near Rouen, part of France's commercial slave-trading center, Traite is a symbol of the Atlantic world in which slaves labored over and were physically bartered for cotton.

This article will discuss how Traite des Nègres came to be produced, and will consider its use, meaning, and relationship to antislavery activity and related artworks. As will be shown, the cloth's scenes blend French, British, and American abolitionist expressions, characterized by Enlightenment ideals, romantic themes, and moralizing sentiment. Made near Rouen, part of France's commercial slave-trading center, Traite is a symbol of the Atlantic world in which slaves labored over and were physically bartered for cotton. Further, it is a material fragment of a vast global cloth trade—identified by Giorgio Riello as the effect of a progressive shift in the textile-manufacturing core from Asia to Europe, spurred by industrialization in France and Britain.

Traite, together with its sources, represents the interrelationship of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century textile and slave trades with colonial racial identity and experience in Europe, Africa, and America. While its use is yet undocumented in North America, surviving mulberry-on-white lengths have been collected by the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, with a saffron-colored remnant at the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum. Other samples exist in at least seven other collections outside the United States, confirming the cloth's popularity and the quantity of its manufacture. While the only known "furniture cotton" devoted to abolition motifs, Traite des Nègres is akin to other historic toiles celebrating liberty, some manufactured for a post-Revolutionary American market. For example, L'Hommage de l'Amerique à la France ("America's homage to France," produced by Oberkampf around 1780) includes a kneeling slave holding up a leaflet before an allegorical figure of France.

1. Lit à la Duchesse (cherry wood) with Traite des Nègres hangings (ca. 1825) by Frédéric Etienne Joseph Feldtrappe (French, 1786-1849), signed "E. Feldtrappe"; roller-printed cotton, probably Canteleu or Manufacture Girard à Déville-lès-Rouen (Normandy). Bed: 46.2 x 48.2 x 47 in.; canopy is suspended 8.75 ft. © Château des Ducs de Bretagne—Musée d'histoire de Nantes, photo by Alain Guillard.

2. Detail of Traite des Nègres, ca. 1825, Frédéric Etienne Joseph Feldtrappe (French, 1786-1849), mulberry-on-white roller-printed cotton signed "E. Feldtrappe," 101 x 33 inches. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund. Image source: Art Resource, New York. Click image to see full length of cloth in a new window.

Traite des Nègres

Read clockwise,Traite's four interlocking scenes begin in an Edenic Africa before the arrival of trade-seeking Europeans. Kind-hearted Africans rescue shipwrecked voyagers from drowning. Yet in the final scene, the welcomed Europeans (and a complicit African) have been transformed into brutal slave traders, one with a bludgeon and another with a branding iron at his feet. A native man is torn from his family, and another sits shackled in a rowboat. The menacing slave trader—an unlikely subject for bed linens—is included in other abolition-inspired stories and images. A figure with upraised baton is seen in Samuel Wood's 1805 broadside Injured Humanity, and in Charles-Émile Jacque's Un planteur entêté (An obstinate planter), ca. 1830, from La Caricature, a Parisian satirical magazine (figs. 3, 4). L'Histoire de Paul et Virginie, the iconic novel of 1788 by Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint Pierre set on the island of Mauritius, describes a confrontation with a cruel slave master. This scene was reproduced on fashionable Paul et Virginie toiles, including one designed by Favre, Petitpierre et Cie of Nantes, ca. 1795. But how did the printing of such scenery on furnishing fabrics come about?

The seventeenth-century "calico craze" for brightly colored, painted, and printed Indian cottons, exported mainly via the British East India Company, led to competitive embargoes in France. Resulting import substitution practices were also banned until 1759. An indienne (meaning "Indian") was a French fabric designed in emulation of the restricted fabrics. They were known also as toiles peints, or "painted cottons." Though prohibited, l'indiennage continued apace in Marseilles, Rouen, Nantes, and elsewhere in France.

14.09.2015

FANSI'S STILTE

TESSA LEUWSHA
presenteert haar nieuwste roman
FANSI'S STILTE

ZONDAG 27 SEPTEMBER
AANVANG 16.00 UUR
Image
Schrijfster Tessa Leuwsha verhuist van Nederland naar Suriname, aangetrokken door de liefde en het avontuur van een land in opbouw. Vijfentwintig jaar eerder deed haar Surinaamse oma Fansi het omgekeerde. Wie was die vreemde tropenvrouw die opeens bij haar vernederlandste kinderen en kleinkinderen op de stoep stond? Tessa herinnert zich een strenge, zwijgzame vrouw die weigerde aardappels te eten. Waarom zweeg Fansi in alle talen over haar achtergrond?

In Fansi’s stilte gaat Tessa Leuwsha op zoek naar het verhaal van haar grootmoeder en haar ooms en tantes, in Paramaribo, Nickerie, Eindhoven en de Achterhoek. Al lezend en luisterend beleeft zij de geschiedenis van Suriname en ontdekt hoe de slavernij, die relatief kort voor de geboorte van Fansi was afgeschaft, doorspeelde in het leven van haar grootmoeder – een dochter van een Engelse zendelinge en een zwarte man – en zelfs in dat van haar kinderen.

TESSA LEUWSHA WORDT GEINTERVIEWD DOOR TANJA JADNANANSING
LIVE OPTREDEN VAN SINGER/SONGWRITER JUANSITO
BOEKVERKOOP - TESSA LEUWSHA ZAL SIGNEREN

Tessa Leuwsha (1967) is schrijver van fictie en non-fictie. Ze schreef voor onder meer Opzij, HP/De Tijd, de Volkskrant en is recensent voor de Ware Tijd-Literair. Haar romans de Parbo-blues en Solo, een liefde werden lovend ontvangen en genomineerd voor diverse prijzen.

11.09.2015

Begehrte Konfliktstoffe

Bildunterschrift hinzufügen





Indiennage / Nantes





Präsenzbestand ZHDK

Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium




Maria Sibylla Merian, title page of ‘Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandlung und sonderbare Blumennahrung’ (1679) (courtesy Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurt)Books
A 17th-Century Woman Artist’s Butterfly Journey
by Allison Meier on September 9, 2015


Maria Sibylla Merian, Plate 49 from ‘Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium’ (1705) (courtesy Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurt)

In June of 1699, a 52-year-old Maria Sibylla Merian departed on a cargo ship for South America’s Suriname with only her 22-year-old daughter Dorothea Maria for company. It was a hundred years ahead of Alexander von Humboldt‘s more famed travels, and not an era in which many German women worked outside the home, let alone took solo natural history expeditions. Merian was interested in one thing: butterflies. Not just their beauty, but their whole life cycle, from caterpillar to chrysalis to winged insect.

A Butterfly Journey: Maria Sibylla Merian. Artist and Scientist by Boris Friedewald, out now from Prestel, is a compact biography on Merian’s natural history contributions, accompanied by her meticulous and colorful illustrations. Unlike many of her predecessors, she didn’t depict the caterpillars and butterflies separately. Instead, each was a scene of life, with the foraging plant alongside the butterfly in its different life stages.

Butterflies might seem like an innocuous research subject for a woman, although in the 17th century universities were still exclusively male. However, aside from the silkworm (Merian’s first focus) which was revered for its contributions to luxury cloth, the butterflies and creeping caterpillars were seen as lowly beings, or worse, demonic. “For some people, these creatures were the work of the Devil, and those who interested in them were surely up to no good — why, they might even be witches, who must be put to death,” Friedewald writes in A Butterfly Journey. He notes that according “to popular belief, witches possessed the power to change themselves into butterflies in order to curdle cream and butter.” Thus the name “buttervögel” in German and “butterfly” in English.


Portrait of Maria Sibylla Merian (via Leipzig University Library/Flickr) (click to enlarge)

Friedewald doesn’t go too in-depth into the trials of working as a woman in science in the 17th century, or her influence on women naturalists who followed. However, the book does show how she personally progressed from a young girl curious about the natural world, to one of the first researchers to examine butterflies in such detail. At the time, spontaneous generation was still considered by many to be the butterfly’s mode of reproduction.