Posts mit dem Label Gender werden angezeigt. Alle Posts anzeigen
Posts mit dem Label Gender werden angezeigt. Alle Posts anzeigen

21.05.2017

„The Rebellion of the Girls: Reflections for an Embodied Decolonization“

Nadia Celis

Die Literaturwissenschaftlerin Nadia Celis hielt im Rahmen des SoCaRe Nachwuchsworkshops am 23.03.2013 einen Keynote-Vortrag mit dem Titel „The Rebellion of the Girls: Reflections for an Embodied Decolonization“. In ihrem Vortrag ging Nadia Celis der Frage nach, wie die karibische Kolonialgeschichte als eine verkörperlichte Erfahrung verstanden werden kann. Widerstand und Körperbewusstsein, so ihre These, müssen in diesem Kontext jenseits eines Butler’Schen Symbolismus zusammengedacht werden.


20.11.2016

NOTES ON A THEORY OF MULTI-RACIAL WHITE SUPREMACIST PATRIARCHY, AKA MRWASP

November 29, 2013 · by Robin James · in critical race theory, feminism, gender, MRWaSP, multi racial white supremacy, neoliberal, patriarchy, Puar, race, resilience, sexton, sheth
Multi-Racial White Supremacist Patriarchy, or MRWaSP, is my term for early 21st-century globalized Western race/gender/sexuality/capitalist hegemony. I put a lower-case “a” in the acronym to both make the acronym something pronounceable to English speakers, and to echo the older acronym WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant). You say it like “Mr. Wasp”–emphasis on the “mister” shows that this is not just about white supremacy, it’s also about patriarchy.
MRWaSP is an upgrade on WASP. As critical theorists of race have been arguing, white supremacy has retooled itself to work more efficiently in and for globalized, neoliberal hegemonies. Not only are exclusion and border-patrolling resource-intensive, they’re also not the most efficient ways of promoting nationalist, capitalist, patriarchal interests. As Jared Sexton argues, contemporary multiculturalism/multiracialism is a “protest less against the genocidal objectives of Anglo white supremacy than the inefficiency of unrestrained violence as the means of its accomplishment” (Amalgamation Schemes, 200). You can extend this argument to patriarchy and other institutionalized forms of identity-based oppression. It is more cost-effective to include some formerly excluded/abjected groups in racial/gender/sexual supremacy, because this inclusion further reinforces both the supremacy of the hyperelites and the precarity of the most unruly groups (those who pose the greatest threat to MRWaSP hegemony). As the always-brilliant philosopher Falguni Sheth explains,more and more men and women of color have been invited into the offices of White Supremacy to share in the destruction of other men and women of color who are vulnerable, disfranchised, and rapidly being eviscerated through the policies of a multi-racial white supremacy…A multiracial white supremacy is a system of power that has invited in—or exploited wherever it could– people of color in order to wage institutional, legal, political assaults on other black, brown, and poor people—at “home” and internationally.
Sheth cites numerous recent examples, including Asian-American former Attorney General John Yu and African-American former Secretary of State/National Security Advisor Condoleza Rice’s central role in establishing and maintaining the US prison facility at Guantanamo Bay. Though installing people of color in positions of real political, economic, and social power may not seem to benefit white supremacy, it actually does; when your racist project appears to be led by a person of color, that obscures the racism. It “promote[s] their claims to be non-racist by using the presence of these [non-white] individuals as cultural symbols to distract many of us” so that what is an “overt racial mission…can be couched as an ostensible hunt for justice.” Putting otherwise privileged people of color at the center of white supremacist institutions obscures the white supremacy (and the imperialism/coloniality), thus allowing it to run all the more efficiently. This inclusion is always conditional and always instrumental–this can’t be emphasized enough. People of color are folded into white supremacy only insofar as this augments white supremacy; the moment this becomes a bad deal for white supremacy, it ends.

Homonationalism, an idea developed by Jasbir Puar, is another type of MRWaSP strategy. The nominal inclusion of formerly abjected groups–here, homosexuals–is used to distinguish between successful, resilient nations and those nations in need of (white) savoirist intervention. “Good” societies recognize that gays and lesbians are normal people, too; “bad” societies cling to primitive homophobic views and traditions. Similar discursive moves also distinguish “good” post-feminist societies and “bad” traditional societies that still overtly oppress women (e.g., through veiling, genital cutting, child marriage, sex work, etc.) Supposedly liberated attitudes about gender, sexuality, and often also race distinguish resilient societies from primitive ones. Sometimes this distinction is used to disaggregate whiteness, generally along the lines of social class. For example, in 2013 World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) featured a bad guy character (a “heel,” in industry parlance), Jack Swagger, who expressed anti-immigrant, nationalist, and sometimes overtly white supremacist views. The schtick is that these racist views are what qualify him to be a heel: they’re obviously odious to fans, evidence of the character’s vilany. “Good guys” should not harbor the racist, anti-immigrant views espoused by Swagger, and should instead be fully comfortable cheering on Swagger’s Mexican-American nemesis, Alberto del Rio. As neoliberal capitalism restructures the economy and leaves working-class and rural whites in the lurch, framing them as backwards and uneducated makes their increasingly marginal socioeconomic status seem like the result of their individual failings, not the result of broad economic forces. Just as it conditionally and instrumentally includes otherwise privileged people of color within white supremacy, MRWaSP conditionally and instrumentally excludes otherwise underprivileged whites from the privileges to which they are accustomed as white. Similarly, just as it conditionally and instrumentally includes otherwise privileged women, gays and lesbians, and people with disabilities (think about pre-murder-trial Oscar Pistorious, or Temple Grandin’s recent fame), MRWaSP conditionally and instrumentally excludes otherwise underprivileged women, queers, and people with disabilities.

Another way of saying that is: MRWaSP uses resilience to cut the color line–and the gender binary, the line between homonormative and queer, and to differentiate between mainstreamable and non-mainstreamable people with disabilities. By “resilience” I mean a specific neoliberal ideology, not the general sense of surviving in the face of hardship and oppression. Mark Neocleous explains the relationship between resilience discourse and neoliberal ideology here. What I’m calling “resilience discourse” is another way of framing what Naomi Klein calls “shock doctrine” capitalism–it’s the incitement of damage for the purpose of overcoming it (because that overcoming generates surplus value/profit/etc.). I’ve talked a bit about resilience discourse and femininity here and here.

Resilient populations who can overcome their race/class/gender/sexual/immigrant/religious/ damage in socially profitable ways move closer to the center of white supremacist privilege, whereas less resilient, precarious populations move further and further from this center. Resilience deregulates the work of racialization, gendering, sexualization, bodily normalization, and so on; it treats racialization/gendering/sexualization/etc. like a deregulated marketplace. Rather than tying race status directly and primarily to phenotype (visible race), and then regulating on the basis of racial identity (e.g., Jim Crow, apartheid, etc.), resilience frames race as an effect or outcome of one’s response to underlying, background conditions. Similarly, rather than tying gender status directly and primarily to either sex and/or visible gender performance, resilience frames it as an effect or outcome of one’s response to underlying, background conditions. This makes your status seem like the result of your individual choices, a true meritocracy in which the hard-working overcome their damage, but the lazy and sick can or will not. Of course, however, these background conditions are not equal, and they’re definitely controlled by histories of racial exploitation, patriarchy, and so on. It’s harder to bounce back if you’re starting from behind.



It’s not just race that shapes these material and ideological conditions–it’s also cis/heteropatriarchy, capitalism, Eurocentrism, ableism, all of what falls under “kyriarchy”. Because all these -isms shape the background material and ideological conditions in which we all work, those who have the best odds of successfully demonstrating their resilience are the ones who have the most heavily stacked decks. So, bourgeois, cis-gendered, able-bodied people of color are generally the most resilient ones…in no small part because MRWaSP has to make fewer material and ideological compromises to let them in.

01.06.2014

Die Desintegration von Monique Wittig


Grundthese Monique Wittigs ist, dass die Einteilung in zwei Geschlechter nicht nur, wie bei Simone de Beauvoir, für das soziale (gender), sondern auch für das biologische Geschlecht (sex) zurückzuweisen ist. Die Begriffe Frau und Mann seien Ausdruck einer aufgezwungenen Heterosexualität. Aus diesem Grund ist der biologische Körper nicht männlich oder weiblich, sondern wird dies sekundär, durch die geschlechtlich bestimmte Bezeichnungsweise. In diesem Sinne stellt Wittig dar, dass die Lesbe keine Frau ist, da sie die Kategorie Frau aufbricht oder unterläuft und somit nicht mehr entsprechend kategorisiert werden könne. Wittig intendiert, die Sprache vollkommen zu verändern, um jenseits der Geschlechter-Kategorien denken zu können. Wird der biologische Körper in männlich und weiblich eingeteilt, indem z. B. seine Genitalien benannt werden, so wird er laut Wittig nicht etwa vereinheitlicht, sondern fragmentiert, denn er wird damit erogen auf diese Teile festgelegt, aufgesplittert und reduziert. Der sexuell eingeteilte Körper ist „Zeichen der Fragmentierung, Einschränkung und Herrschaft.“[16]
Wittig sieht Sprache als Machtinstrument der männlichen Schicht an. Das sprechende Subjekt ist immer ein männliches. Frauen, Lesben, Schwule und andere können keine Sprecherposition in diesem System annehmen. Sprache baut ihre Herrschaft durch ständige Wiederholung lokutionärer Akte auf, die zur Institutionalisierung der Geschlechtertrennung und -herrschaft führen. Dabei gilt für Wittig jedoch, offenbar in Anlehnung an Lacan, dass nur Frauen ein Geschlecht zugewiesen bekommen, während Männer „als universale Personen an diesem System teilhaben.“[17] Frauen sind, nach Simone de Beauvoir, in einem weiblichen „Zirkel der Immanenz“ gefangen. „Männer und Frauen sind politische Kategorien und keine natürlichen Tatsachen.“[18] Demnach gäbe es keine 'weibliche Natur', was wir intuitiv als natürlich ansehen, ist konstruiert. Ausweg aus diesem Herrschaftssystem sieht Wittig in der Formbarkeit der Sprache. Frauen sollten die männlich belegte Subjektposition ein- und übernehmen. Diese Inbesitznahme bedeute den praktischen Zusammenbruch der Kategorie des Geschlechts. Sobald eine Frau ich sagt, wird sie gemäß Wittig „für sich selbst ein totales – d. h. geschlechtlich unbestimmtes (ungendered), universales, ganzes Subjekt“.[19]
Butler sieht in Wittigs Theorie zwei Ebenen der Realität oder zwei Ordnungen der Ontologie: die gesellschaftlich konstituierte Annahme von Wirklichkeit aus einer grundlegenden Seinsverfassung und eine vorgesellschaftliche Ontologie einheitlicher und gleicher Personen.[20] Sie ordnet Wittigs politisches Projekt daher in den „Kontext des traditionellen Diskurses der Ontotheologie“ ein, da Wittig die Sprache als universal und „das Sein als Sein nicht geteilt“ ansieht. Nach Wittig erfordere das Sprechen „eine bruchlose Identität aller Dinge“. Sie stehe damit im Gegensatz zu Jacques Derrida, für den alle Bezeichnungen auf einer operationellen Différance basieren.[21]

03.12.2011

african slave trade to the Arab Middle East



Even leading African scholars like our own Prof. Ali Mazrui tend to say little about this sale of Africans to Arab Middle East – in his case, because it raises awkward questions.
   The question then is, why did African slaves perish in the Arab Middle East? One reason is that while in Europe and the Americas African slaves were taken to work in plantations and industries, in the Middle East they were mostly domestic labour.
    Partly for that reason, the African slaves were castrated. As eunuchs, they couldn’t have sex with their “masters’” wives, daughters, sisters, aunts, and cousins. Some (not all) of their owners had another vested in turning them into eunuchs – the slaves became rounded around the hips like women. So in the night the Sultans would be in the embrace of their wives or mistresses, and during the day they would be caressing the buttocks of the eunuchs.
  An even more tragic thing about eunuchs, it that to create one eunuch, according to some accounts, you needed 20 men. The other 19 perish after castration, from infections and bleeding to death!
    Thirdly, unlike the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the one to the Middle East included very few women. Thus even if the African slaves in the Arab world weren’t castrated, they would not have been able to reproduce, because it would have been nearly impossible to find a female companion.
       Even in the Americas, whereas the white slave owners everyday went about picking a strong-backed African woman to sleep with, the male slaves did not have any opportunities to sleep with white women. In this way, the slave footprint largely disappeared in the Arab world, but a few survived in the Americas and Europe! All this is remarkable, considering that millions of African slaves directed in horrid conditions in slave ships on the way to Europe and the America—that they should still survive there, but there is hardly a trace of them up north.
http://greatlakesdemocracy.blogspot.com/2010_10_01_archive.html