25 04 07
The German-speaking discourse distanced itself from postcolonial theory for a long time with the argument that neither Germany nor Austria nor Switzerland were major colonial powers. Only recently, postcolonial theory has received academic attention in the German speaking context through focus on issues like migration, racism, interculturality, and globalisation. Consequently, there is an emerging discussion regarding the consequences of colonialism and postcolonial critique for the German-speaking context. This has given rise to a range of questions like: “Is postcolonial theory relevant and applicable to the German context?”, “Who is the subaltern in Germany and are there subalterns, who speak German?”[1] It has been proposed that migrants in the postcolonial German-speaking context can be understood to be subalterns, who cannot be heard by the hegemonic dominant culture[2]. Migrants are thereby ‘subalternized’ and strategies are explored for bringing to articulation of ‘silenced’ minority voices[3]. Here, the intellectual migrants from ‘subaltern groups’ become the spokesperson for the ‘margins’[4].
The colonial continuity of the politics of migration in the European context or the experiences of racism and discrimination that are part and parcel of a migrant’s everyday life are urgent issues that need to be scandalized. Against this background, the link between postcolonial critique and migration studies is extremely significant. Particularly Edward Said and Homi Bhabha's works focus on these issues. Interestingly Gayatri Spivak takes a different view, whereby she explicitly and repeatedly warns against reducing the question of postcoloniality in general and subalternity in particular to metropolitan spaces. Spivak’s focus on the tricky relation between metropolitan postcolonialism and rural and indigenous subalterns brings to light the risks of an unquestioned celebration of postcolonial critique, especially for those who do not 'directly' benefit from it. Spivak emphasises that she finds migrant activism in the north important and worth supporting, but simultaneously warns that if contemporary neo-colonialism is seen only from the undoubtedly complex and important, but restrictive, perspective or explanatory context of metropolitan internal colonization of the postcolonial migrant, then this risks overshadowing the question of international division of labour. This unfolds a conflict of interest, whereby there is no self-evident 'natural' alliance between migrant activism in the North and the rural and indigenous subaltern in the global south. In my paper, I seek to briefly explore this 'internal critique' within metropolitan postcolonialism, to unfold the dangers of 'discursive colonization' of the subaltern by migrant activism and expose the tricky position of the postcolonial feminist in the face of international division of labour.
As argued elsewhere[5], I propose that the very question of the relevance of postcolonial theory in the German speaking context is redundant in that it overlooks one of the most fundamental premises of postcolonial theory, namely, that not only are countries like Bangladesh and Brazil postcolonial, but even countries like Thailand and Iran, which were never 'formally' colonised, are also deeply informed by processes of colonialism. By virtue of our, what Shalini Randeria calls “entangled histories”, it is impossible to reduce postcolonial analysis to national boundaries, for these boundaries are itself a product of colonial discourses. Thus the mere question, for example, "Can the Subaltern speak German?"[6] neglects the functioning of international division of labour by trying to locate and thereby reduce the question of postcolonial critique in the global north even as the framing of this question once again reinforces methodological nationalism and thereby national boundaries.
Moreover, there is a fatal ‘paradox’ in the notion of ‘migrant-as-subaltern’. Spivak observes that the very definition of the subaltern entails ‘immobility’, whereby the cultural space of subalternity is cut off from the lines of mobility producing the class- and gender-differentiated colonial subject:
"Subalternity is the name I borrow for the space out of any serious touch with the logic of capitalism or socialism. Please do not confuse it with unorganised labour, women as such, the proletarian, the colonized, […] migrant labour, political refugees etc. Nothing useful comes out of this confusion." (Spivak 1995: 115)